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Oso mudslide Wikipedia. A major landslide occurred 4 miles 6. Oso, Washington, United States, on March 2. Time geography or timespace geography is an evolving transdisciplinary perspective on spatial and temporal processes and events such as social interaction. A major landslide occurred 4 miles 6. Windows 7 Ultimate Updated Plus Remove Watermark. Oso, Washington, United States, on March 22, 2014, at 1037 a. A portion of an unstable hill. EBooks Narotama University Reading with a Heart, Meaning with Action latest updates. October 2013, 123014. Home Civil Engineering. International Building. Careers in Cartography and GIS is published as a service to the discipline by the Cartography and Geographic Information Society CaGIS which is solely. A portion of an unstable hill collapsed, sending mud and debris to the south across the North Fork of the Stillaguamish River, engulfing a rural neighborhood, and covering an area of approximately 1 square mile 2. Forty three people were killed and 4. Overviewedit. 2. Steelhead Haven plat across the Stillaguamish River. The unstable area is the area of lighter green trees to the right and beneath the river section that is visible. The mudslide flowed towards the upper left, across the river. All of the houses visible in the image were destroyed. The March 2. Steelhead Haven 4 mi 6. I/41usZ1EhrEL.jpg' alt='Thinking About Gis:Pdf' title='Thinking About Gis:Pdf' />North Fork of the Stillaguamish River, east of Oso, Washington. It also dammed the river, causing extensive flooding upstream as well as blocking State Route 5. Darrington population 1,3. Oso. 7The natural rock and mineral formation referred to by geologists as a geological feature with the most recent activity in the area of Oso is known as the Hazel Landslide the most recent landslide event was referred to in the media as the Oso mudslide. Excluding landslides caused by volcanic eruptions, earthquakes or dam collapses, the Oso slide is the deadliest single landslide event in United States history. The Hazel Landslide has a history of instability dating to 1. Prior to the March 2. Oso area had had heavy rainfall during the previous 4. The slide, described by witnesses as a fast moving wall of mud, contained trees and other debris it cut through homes directly beneath the hill on the south side of the Stillaguamish River. A firefighter at the scene stated, When the slide hit the river, it was like a tsunami. A Washington state geologist stated the slide was one of the largest landslides he had personally seen. The mud, soil and rock debris left from the mudslide covered an area 1,5. A national geologist stated the flow of the landslide was extreme because of the extraordinary run out of mud and debris. While the landslide was well documented, a research team from the Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance GEER announced in April 2. Casualties and damageeditMore than 1. Snohomish County and other surrounding counties were dispatched to assist with emergency medical and search and rescue efforts, including the Navys search and rescue unit stationed at nearby Naval Air Station Whidbey Island. Over 6. 00 personnel, including more than 1. Late in the evening of March 2. Washingtons Lieutenant Governor Brad Owen declared a state of emergency in Snohomish County. Washington state Governor Jay Inslee toured the area by air the following day before joining county officials at a news conference. On March 2. 2, the day of the slide, eight people were rescued and taken to regional hospitals. Four survivors of the slide were still in Seattle area medical facilities as of April 7, with two of the four admitted to intensive care, one remaining in stable condition at Harborview Medical Center, and another discharged from Harborview to a rehabilitation facility. While the official search for victims ended in April 2. As of July 2. 2, the Snohomish County Sheriffs Office confirmed 4. The slide blocked the North Fork of the Stillaguamish River, causing it to back up eastward. Because of concerns that the mud and debris dam could fail and cause downstream flooding, the National Weather Service NWS issued a flash flood watch. On April 2, with the river flowing in a new channel at the north end of the debris dam, the service lifted the flash flood watch. Flooding due to the partially obstructed river continued to occur upstream of the debris dam. As a result, the NWS continued to issue flood warnings for the Stillaguamish one month after the March 2. State Route 5. 30 was indefinitely closed after the slide by the Washington State Department of Transportation WSDOT, with an alternative local route opened the following week after snow was cleared from the unpaved portion of Mountain Loop Highway south of Darrington. The highway was cleared enough by May 3. Because the highway was badly damaged, and because the topography of the area had been altered by the landslide, WSDOT decided to elevate that section of the highway when it was rebuilt. As of July 2. 7, the first of four stages in rebuilding the highway had been completed. The new roadway was opened September 2. October 2. 01. 4. Federal aideditOn April 3, the mudslide was declared a major disaster by President Barack Obama. The declaration was requested on April 1 by Governor Inslee, who stated that approximately 3. Inslee said that financial loss estimates had reached 1. Snohomish County Emergency Management Director John Pennington advised residents to register with FEMA. Four days later, during passage of the Green Mountain Lookout Heritage Protection Act, Senator Patty Murray D WA mentioned the landslide, saying the bill would provide a glimmer of hope for the long term recovery of this area. On April 2. 2, President Obama visited the west side of the slide area. After arriving in Air Force One at Paine Field in Everett, he met with officials and boarded Marine One. There, he was joined by Governor Inslee and Senators Patty Murray and Maria Cantwell as well as Rep. Suzan Del. Bene for a flyover of the slide and debris field. After viewing the site, the president met privately with survivors, families of the victims, and some of the scenes first responders and rescuers at a chapel and fire hall in Oso. ControversyeditCompletely unforeseeneditOn March 2. John Pennington, Director of Snohomish Countys Department of Emergency Management, stated at a news conference, This was a completely unforeseen slide. This came out of nowhere. The same day The Seattle Times published an article2. The article contained comments from geologists, engineers, and local residents, and stated that the area was known among locals as Slide Hill. On the next day, The Times followed up with a full page article, Unforeseen risk of slide Warnings go back decades. Snohomish County Public Works Director Steve Thomsen was quoted as saying, A slide of this magnitude is very difficult to predict. There was no indication, no indication at all. Aerial view of slide ridge. On March 2. 7, 2. The Seattle Times reported3. Steelhead Drive was one of the most dangerous in the county. According to Rob Flaner, one of the authors of the 2. For someone to say that this plan did not warn that this was a risk is a falsity. In the days following the slide, criticism of Snohomish County officials received national attention in a New York Times editorial. The Seattle Times further reported that in 2. Steelhead Haven area, and considered buying out the homes of that areas residents. The idea was rejected with the county building a new wall in an attempt to stabilize the slope. Some disaster experts criticized this decision as a serious mistake. According to environmental engineer and applied geomorphologist Tracy Drury, after the 2. As to any kind of buy out program, Drury further stated, I think we did the best we could under the constraints that nobody wanted to sell their property and move elsewhere. Repairs to the slide area extend back several decades prior to the March 2. A rock revetment installed in 1. An effort in 2. 00. Time geography Wikipedia. Time geography or time space geography is an evolving transdisciplinary perspective on spatial and temporal processes and events such as social interaction, ecological interaction, social and environmental change, and biographies of individuals. Time geography is not a subject area per se,2 but rather an integrative ontological framework and visual language in which space and time are basic dimensions of analysis of dynamic processes. Time geography was originally developed by human geographers, but today it is applied in multiple fields related to transportation, regional planning, geography, anthropology, time use research, ecology, environmental science, and public health. It is a basic approach, and every researcher can connect it to theoretical considerations in her or his own way. Origins of time geographyeditThe Swedish geographer Torsten Hgerstrand created time geography in the mid 1. Sweden. 5 He sought some way of finding out the workings of large socio environmental mechanisms using a physical approach involving the study of how events occur in a time space framework. Hgerstrand was inspired in part by conceptual advances in spacetimephysics and by the philosophy of physicalism. Hgerstrands earliest formulation of time geography informally described its key ontological features In time space the individual describes a path within a situational context life paths become captured within a net of constraints, some of which are imposed by physiological and physical necessities and some imposed by private and common decisions. It would be impossible to offer a comprehensive taxonomy of constraints seen as time space phenomena, Hgerstrand said, but he tentatively described three important classes of constraints capability constraints limitations on the activity of individuals because of their biological structure andor the tools they can command,coupling constraints limitations that define where, when, and for how long, the individual has to join other individuals, tools, and materials in order to produce, consume, and transact closely related to critical path analysis, andauthority constraints limitations on the domain or time space entity within which things and events are under the control of a given individual or a given group. Examples of the visual language of time geography space time cube, path, prism, bundle, and other concepts. Hgerstrand illustrated these concepts with novel forms of graphical notation inspired in part by musical notation,1. While this innovative visual language is an essential feature of time geography, Hgerstrands colleague Bo Lenntorp emphasized that it is the product of an underlying ontology, and not the other way around. The notation system is a very useful tool, but it is a rather poor reflection of a rich world view. In many cases, the notational apparatus has been the hallmark of time geography. However, the underlying ontology is the most important feature. Time geography is not only about time geographic diagrams, just as music is not only about musical notation. Hgerstrand later explained What is briefly alluded to here is a 4 dimensional world of forms. This cannot be completely graphically depicted. On the other hand one ought to be able to imagine it with sufficient clarity for it to be of guidance in empirical and theoretical research. By 1. 98. 1, geographers Nigel Thrift and Allan Pred were already defending time geography against those who would see it merely as a rigid descriptive model of spatial and temporal organization which lends itself to accessibility constraint analysis and related exercises in social engineering. They argued that time geography is not just a model of constraints it is a flexible and evolving way of thinking about reality that can complement a wide variety of theories and research methods. In the decades since then, Hgerstrand and others have made efforts to expand his original set of concepts. By the end of his life, Hgerstrand had ceased using the phrase time geography to refer to this way of thinking and instead used words like topoecology. Later developments in time geographyeditSince the 1. Spaghetti Western Orchestra Rapidshare Download there. In 1. 99. 3, British geographer Gillian Rose noted that time geography shares the feminist interest in the quotidian paths traced by people, and again like feminism, links such paths, by thinking about constraints, to the larger structures of society. However, she noted that time geography had not been applied to issues important to feminists, and she called it a form of social science masculinity. Over the following two decades, feminist geographers have revisited time geography and have begun to use it as a tool to address feminist issues. GIS software such as Geo. Time has been developed to facilitate time geographic visualization and visual analytics. Time geography has also been used as a form of therapeutic assessment in mental health. Benjamin Bach and colleagues have generalized the space time cube into a framework for temporal data visualization that applies to all data that can be represented in two dimensions plus time. See alsoeditThrift Pred 1. Carlstein 1. 98. 2, p. Lenntorp 1. Sui 2. Lenntorp 1. Lenntorp 1. Hgerstrand 1. 97. In Hgerstrand 1. Kuklinski 1. Hgerstrand cites the writings of Albert Einstein and Arthur Eddington on general relativity as inspirations. Physicalist philosopher and sociologist Otto Neurath is cited in Hgerstrand 1. While these ideas are important sources for time geographic ontology, time geography should not be portrayed as exclusively physicalist. Hgerstrand also cited phenomenologist. Martin Heidegger and conservationist. Rachel Carson as major influences, along with numerous geographers Kuklinski 1. Hgerstrand wanted to stress the importance of the material aspects of the real world as the basis of life, with an imperative for researchers to take basic constraints into consideration that natural resources, time, and space are limited. Nevertheless, Torsten Hgerstrand was not a hardcore materialist. His materialism is embedded in a deep concern for the importance of human experiences, reflections, and reasoning for the development of geographical knowledge. Ellegrd Svedin 2. Hgerstrand 1. 97. Hgerstrand 1. 97. Kuklinski 1. 98. 7, p. Buttimer Mels 2. Ellegrd Svedin 2. Hgerstrand 1. 97. Carlstein 1. 98. 2, pp. Lenntorp 1. 99. 9, p. Hgerstrand Carlstein 2. Thrift Pred 1. For a more extensive list of Hgerstrands publications, see Torsten HgerstrandEllegrd Svedin 2. Hgerstrand Carlstein 2. For example Ellegrd de Pater 1. Ellegrd Palm 2. Fischer Kowalski et al. Kwan 2. 00. 4 Latham 2. Ringhofer 2. 00. 9 Schwanen Kwan 2. Singh et al. 2. 01. Tani Surma Aho 2. For example Baer Butler 2. Brasebin Buard 2. Downs, Horner Tucker 2. Huettmann Cushman 2. Zhao et al. 2. 01. Rose 1. 99. 3, p. Rose 1. 99. 3, p. For example Kwan 2. Kwan Ding 2. Mc. Quoid Dijst 2. Scholten, Friberg Sandn 2. Lewchanin Zubrod 2. Sunnqvist et al. 2. Sunnqvist et al. 2. Bach et al. 2. 01. Bach et al. 2. 01. ReferenceseditBach, Benjamin Dragicevic, Pierre Archambault, Daniel Hurter, Christophe Carpendale, Sheelagh June 2. A review of temporal data visualizations based on space time cube operations.